Development of the Goose Tongue Filiform Papillae: Could it be Tooth-Like Sense Organs? / Desarrollo de las Papilas Filiformes de la Lengua de Ganso: ¿Podrían ser Órganos Sensoriales Parecidos a los Dientes?

SUMMARY: The geese's tongue filiform papillae are particularly long, and exhibit the same morphology of a tooth, evoking the lingual teeth of several fishes. In adult animals, they contain numerous mechanical Herbst's corpuscles but no taste buds. In the embryo, they appear since stage 38 and acquire their definitive shape between stages 38 and 42. They express several proteins associated with mammalian tooth development (BMP4, β-catenin, SHH, PITX2, PAX9), also known to be linked to parrot's pseudoteeth and goose's denticulations development. Neurofilaments are early present in the papillae primordia, and appear particularly numerous in adult papillae. Our results suggest that these papillae constitute a mechanical organ with a « tooth shape » derived from ancestral odontodes, whose development is controlled by numerous genes involved in classical odontogenesis.

Las papilas filiformes de la lengua de los gansos son particularmente largas y exhiben la morfología de un diente, evocando los dientes linguales presentes en varios peces. En los animales adultos, contienen numerosos corpúsculos de Herbst mecánicos, aunque una ausencia de papilas gustativas. En el embrión, aparecen a partir del estadio 38 y adquieren su forma definitiva entre los estadios 38 y 42. Expresan varias proteínas asociadas al desarrollo dentario de los mamíferos (BMP4, β-catenina, SHH, PITX2, PAX9), también conocidas por estar asociadas al desarrollo de pseudodientes en el loro y denticulaciones en el ganso. Los neurofilamentos están presentes tempranamente en los primordios de las papilas y aparecen particularmente numerosos en las papilas adultas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que estas papilas constituyen un órgano mecánico con «forma de diente» derivado de odontoides ancestrales, cuyo desarrollo está controlado por numerosos genes implicados en la odontogénesis clásica.

Ligadura de la arteria lingual: estrategia para hemorragias por lesión de la arteria en la base de la lengua: informe de dos casos / Lingual Artery Ligation: Strategy for Bleeding from Artery Injury at the Base of the Tongue: Report of Two Cases

La hemorragia producida por lesión de la arteria lingual en la base de la lengua por cirugías o por tumores es infrecuente. La mayor frecuencia en la indicación de abordajes transorales para tratar diferentes patologías que afectan la orofaringe requiere que el equipo quirúrgico tenga experiencia en el manejo de esta complicación. La ligadura de la arteria lingual en el cuello es una técnica quirúrgica muy eficaz para solucionar la hemorragia, pero es importante conocer las posibles variantes anatómicas que puede tener la arteria en su trayecto cervical. Debido a su baja incidencia se propone como objetivo describir dos casos clínicos de pacientes que tuvieron hemorragias graves por lesión de la arteria lingual en la base de la lengua, producidas por daño quirúrgico y por erosión por tumor. [AU]

The bleeding caused by injury to the lingual artery at the base of the tongue due to surgery or tumors is infrequent. The increased frequency in the indication of transoral approaches to treat different pathologies affecting the oropharynx requires the surgical team to have experience in managing this complication. Ligation of the lingual artery in the neck is a very effective surgical technique to solve the bleeding; however, it is essential to be aware of the possible anatomical variants the artery may have in its cervical trajectory. Due to its low incidence, we propose to describe two clinical cases of patients who had severe bleeding due to a lesion of the lingual artery at the base of the tongue, produced by surgical damage and erosion due to a tumor. [AU]

Morphometric analysis of the mandibular lingual foramina using cone-beam computed tomography in elderly Korean / Análisis morfométrico de los forámenes linguales mandibulares mediante tomografía computarizada de haz cónico en adultos mayores coreanos

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine the morphologic characteristics of the lingual foramen and lateral lingual foramen using cone-beam CT in elderly Korean. Cone-beam CT images were obtained from 80 Korean older than 50 years (mean age, 65.2 years). The prevalence of the lingual and lateral lingual foramina at the lingual aspect of the mandible was determined. The diameter and height to the upper margin of the foramina from the mandibular inferior margin, and the bone height to the alveolar crest from the mandibular inferior margin were measured. In addition, the location of the lateral lingual foramen, the direction of its canal, and the presence of communication with the mandibular canal were evaluated. All of elderly Korean possessed at least one lingual foramen, with two or three foramina occurring in 77.5 % of Korean. A lateral lingual foramen was observed in 91.3 % of Korean, with the prevalence being highest at the second premolar in dentulous cases (21.6 %; 33/153). The very high frequencies of these foramina were attributable to high frequencies of relatively small-diameter inferior lingual foramen and lateral lingual foramen in the incisor region. The prevalence of a large-diameter (≥1 mm) superior lingual foramen was high, at 31.0 %. A large-diameter lateral lingual foramen in the premolar region occurred at a frequency of 17.0 %; communication with the mandibular canal was observed in 70.0 % of these cases. These quantitative data on the lingual and lateral lingual foramina of the mandible provide valuable information that could help to avoid surgical complications during implant placement in elderly Korean.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características morfológicas del foramen lingual y del foramen lingual lateral mediante TC de haz cónico en adultos mayores coreanos. Se obtuvieron imágenes de TC de haz cónico de 80 coreanos mayores de 50 años (edad media, 65,2 años). Se determinó la prevalencia de los forámenes linguales y linguales laterales en la cara lingual de la mandíbula. Se midió el diámetro y la altura hasta el margen superior de los forámenes desde el margen inferior mandibular, y la altura ósea hasta la cresta alveolar desde el margen inferior mandibular. Además, se evaluó la ubicación del foramen lingual lateral, la dirección de su canal y la presencia de comunicación con el canal mandibular. Todos los adultos mayores coreanos tenían al menos un foramen lingual, con dos o tres forámenes en el 77,5 %. Se observó un foramen lingual lateral en el 91,3 %, siendo la prevalencia más alta en el segundo premolar en casos dentados (21,6 %; 33/ 153). Las mayores frecuencias de estos forámenes se atribuyeron a altas frecuencias de foramen lingual inferior y foramen lingual lateral de diámetro relativamente pequeño en la región de los incisivos. La prevalencia de un foramen lingual superior de gran diámetro (≥1 mm) fue alta, del 31,0 %. Un foramen lingual lateral de gran diámetro en la región premolar ocurrió con una frecuencia del 17,0 %; se observó comunicación con el canal mandibular en el 70,0 % de estos casos. Estos datos cuantitativos sobre los forámenes linguales y linguales laterales de la mandíbula proporcionan información valiosa que podría ayudar a evitar complicaciones quirúrgicas durante la colocación de implantes en adultos mayores coreanos.

Histomorphometrical study of the tongue epithelium of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) / Estudo histomorfométrico do epitélio da língua do falcão peregrino (Falco peregrinus)

The aim of this study is to examine the dorsal lingual epithelium of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) of the family Falconidae. The tongue in its dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces is covered with a non-keratinized multilayered stratified squamous epithelium. Lamina propria is present beneath the epithelial layers. Morphometrically, thickness of the apex tongue epithelium is more than that in the tongue body. Thickness of the ventral surface of the tongue is less than that in the dorsal one. Thickness of the lateral surface of the tongue was thicker than that in the ventral one and tongue body. Large and small conical papillae appeared on the posterior dorsal surface of the lingual body. There are lingual glands in certain areas of tongue body with numerous openings through the dorsal surface.

O objetivo deste estudo é examinar o epitélio lingual dorsal do falcão peregrino (Falco peregrinus) da família Falconidae. A língua em suas superfícies dorsal, lateral e ventral é coberta por um epitélio escamoso estratificado de múltiplas camadas não queratinizado. A lâmina própria está presente abaixo das camadas epiteliais. Morfometricamente, a espessura do epitélio do ápice da língua é maior do que a do corpo da língua. A espessura da superfície ventral da língua é menor do que a dorsal. A espessura da face lateral da língua foi mais espessa do que na ventral e no corpo da língua. Papilas cônicas grandes e pequenas apareceram na superfície posterior dorsal do corpo lingual. Existem glândulas linguais em certas áreas do corpo da língua com numerosas aberturas na superfície dorsal.

Cambios histológicos del tejido muscular estriado lingual en ratas Sprague Dawley (Rattus norvegicus) para estimar el intervalo postmortem / Histological changes of lingual striated muscle tissue in Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) for estimating the postmortem interval

RESUMEN: El intervalo postmortem (IPM) equivale al tiempo que ha transcurrido desde que un ser humano ha muerto hasta su examinación postmortem. Después de la muerte, el cuerpo experimenta modificaciones en su composición física y química denominados cambios postmortem expresados por signos que pueden ser analizados para el cálculo del IPM. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los cambios histológicos presentes en la musculatura estriada lingual de rata en diferentes IPM. Se utilizaron 10 ratas machos Sprague dawley de dos meses de edad. Los animales fueron eutanasiados y dejados a temperatura ambiente (4 - 14 ?C) para tomar muestras de la lengua a distintos IPM (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 y 120 horas postmortem). El estudio se llevó a cabo considerando las recomendaciones de la Guía para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio. Las muestras fueron fijadas en formaldehido tamponado a 10 % y procesadas para su inclusión en paraplast. Se realizaron cortes de 5 μm de grosor y fueron teñidas con HE para su análisis con microscopía óptica. Los cambios histológicos en las células musculares estriadas de la lengua estaban asociados a los distintos IPM. A las 6 horas postmortem, hubo cambios iniciales en la morfología nuclear y su pigmentación. A las 12 y 24 horas postmortem, se observaron cambios en las estrías musculares y aumento en el número de casos con alteraciones nucleares. A las 48 y 72 horas postmortem, eran evidentes las vacuolas citoplasmáticas, cambios en la coloración de las miofibras y aumento en las alteraciones nucleares. A las 92 y 120 horas postmortem, se observó disminución de las estrías musculares y núcleos celulares. Los núcleos eran picnóticos y puntiformes; hubo pérdida de la morfología celular y presencia de musculo liso. En conclusión, los cambios de la histología del músculo estriado lingual de rata permiten estimar el IPM. Este modelo podría ser aplicable a la medicina forense.

SUMMARY: The postmortem interval (PMI) equals the time that has elapsed since a human being has died until his postmortem examination. After death, the body experiences modifications in its physical and chemical composition know as postmortem changes expressed by signs that can be analyzed for the calculation of the MPI. The aim of the study was to describe the histological changes present in rat lingual striated musculature in different PMIs. 10 two-month-old male Sprague dawley rats were used. The animals were euthanized and left at room temperature (4-14 ?C) to sample the tongue at different PMIs (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours postmortem). The study was carried out considering the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The samples were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde and processed for inclusion in paraplast. 5 μm thick sections were made and stained with HE for análisis with light microscopy. Histological changes in the striated muscle cells of the tongue were associated with the different PMIs. At 6 hours postmortem, there were initial changes in nuclear morphology and its pigmentation. At 12 and 24 hours postmortem, changes in muscle striae and an increase in the number of cases with nuclear alterations were observed. At 48 and 72 hours postmortem, cytoplasmic vacuoles, changes in myofiber coloration, and increased nuclear alterations were evident. At 92 and 120 hours postmortem, a decrease in muscle striae and cell nuclei was observed. The nuclei were pyknotic and pinpoint; there was loss of cell morphology and presence of smooth muscle. In conclusion, changes in the histology of rat lingual skeletal muscle make it possible to estimate MPI. This model could be applicable to forensic medicine.

Three-dimensional digitalized and printed tongue models of the cow, dog, pig, and horse for undergraduate veterinary educationh / Modelos tridimensionales digitalizados e impresos de lengua de vaca, perro, cerdo y caballo para la educación veterinaria de pregrado

SUMMARY: This study aimed to construct three-dimensional (3D) anatomical models of the tongue of domestic mammals of veterinary interest. The tongues were obtained from the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Veterinary Macroscopic Anatomy in the Surgery Department of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo. Tongues from a cow, dog, horse, and pig were selected for scanning and creation of the 3D-printed models. The printer used a filamentous thermoplastic material, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), which was deposited together with a support resin. In addition to the printing of models, an interactive 3D PDF was generated, creating a didactic collection for students. The anatomical characteristics and peculiarity of the tongues were easily identified in the scanned and printed images. The 3D scanning and printing offered an innovative method of visualizing different anatomical structures and, together with the existing methods, can optimize anatomy teaching in an educational context.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo construir modelos anatómicos tridimensionales (3D) de la lengua de mamíferos domésticos de interés veterinario. Las lenguas se obtuvieron de la colección didáctica del Laboratorio de Anatomía Macroscópica Veterinaria del Departamento de Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de São Paulo. Se seleccionaron lenguas de vaca, perro, caballo y cerdo para escanear y crear los modelos impresos en 3D. La impresora utilizó un material termoplástico filamentoso, acrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno (ABS), que se depositó junto con una resina de soporte. Además de la impresión de modelos, se generó un PDF 3D interactivo, creando una colección didáctica para los estudiantes. Las características anatómicas y la peculiaridad de las lenguas se identificaron fácilmente en las imágenes escaneadas e impresas. El escaneo e impresión 3D ofrecieron un método innovador para visualizar diferentes estructuras anatómicas y, junto con los métodos existentes, puede optimizar la enseñanza de la anatomía en un contexto educativo.

Histo-morphological comparison of the tongue between grainivorous and insectivorous birds / Comparación histo-morfológica de la lengua entre aves granívoras e insectívoras

SUMMARY: The study aimed to illustrate the influence of feeding habits in the anatomical feature and histological structure as well as some histochemical observations on the tongue of two species of birds which differ in their classification, activity and habitat as; The domestic pigeon, Grainivorous bird, and cattle egret, Insectivorous bird, using light and SEM studies. Results showed that the tongue of two species was differing in size, shape and structure. The tongue of pigeon appeared short and triangular; while in cattle egret was long lanceolate in shape with narrow tapering apex. Dorsal large conical lingual papillae presented between the body and the root of both tongue of the studied birds. They were arranged in form of U-letter in pigeon and in form of wide V-letter in cattle egret. Histologically, both dorsal and ventral lingual surfaces lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which decreased in the thickness and the degree of keratinization toward the base. The dorsum of the apex of pigeon tongue showed desquamated epithelial cells with filiform papillae, these papillae not observed in the egret¢s tongue. The tongue of cattle egret contained longitudinal tendinous tissue as intra-lingual ligament appeared parallel and accompanied with skeletal muscle bundles and attached with entoglossal cartilage. It extended longitudinally from the root to the body of the egret's tongue. The salivary glands presented in the propria submucosal layer of the dorsal surface that extended laterally from apex to the root, while the ventral surface devoid from any glandular structures. The nature of lingual salivary glands showed variations in their histochemical observation to Alcian blue stain and PAS technique. It has been summarized that the morphological and histological variations of both tongues may be correlated to their feeding habits.

RESUMEN: La investigación tuvo como objetivo ilustrar mediante estudios de luz y SEM, la influencia de los hábitos alimentarios en la característica anatómica y estructura histológica, así como algunas observaciones histoquímicas en la lengua de dos especies de aves, que se diferencian en su clasificación, actividad y hábitat, como es la paloma doméstica, ave granívora y la garcilla bueyera, ave insectívora. De acuerdo a los resultados la lengua de las dos especies difería en tamaño, forma y estructura. La lengua de las palomas tenía una forma corta y triangular; mientras que en la garceta bueyera era de forma larga lanceolada con ápice estrecho y agusado. Grandes papilas dorsales linguales cónicas entre el cuerpo y la raíz de ambas lenguas estaban dispuestos en forma de letra U en paloma y en forma de letra V ancha en garza bueyera. Histológicamente, las superficies linguales dorsal y ventral estaban revestidas con epitelio escamoso estratificado queratinizado que disminuía en el grosor y el grado de queratinización hacia la base. El dorso del ápice de la lengua de la paloma mostró células epiteliales descamadas, estas papilas no se observaron en la lengua de la garceta. Se observó tejido tendinoso longitudinal en la lengua de la garceta bueyera, debido a que el ligamento intralingual aparecía en forma paralela y acompañado de haces de músculo esquelético y adherido con cartílago entogloso. Se extendía longitudinalmente entre la raíz hasta el cuerpo de la lengua de la garceta. Las glándulas salivales de la lengua estaban incrustadas en la capa submucosa propia de la superficie dorsal que se extendía lateralmente desde el ápice hasta la raíz, mientras que la superficie ventral carecía de estructuras glandulares. En las glándulas salivales linguales se observaron variaciones histoquímicas a la tinción con azul de Alcian y la técnica PAS. En conclusión, las variaciones morfológicas e histológicas de ambas lenguas pueden estar correlacionadas con sus hábitos alimentarios.

Correlation between the cephalometric measurements and acoustic properties of /s/ sound in Turkish

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the acoustic properties of the /s/ sound in individuals with different occlusion types and to investigate relationships between these properties and cephalometric measurements. Methodology Sixty patients were divided into three groups based on malocclusion. Group 1 included 20 patients (mean age: 14.85±2.01 years) with Class I skeletal and dental relationships. Group 2 included 20 patients (mean age: 13.49±1.78 years) with Class II skeletal and dental relationships. Group 3 included 20 patients (mean age: 12.46±2.62 years) with Class III skeletal and dental relationships. Cephalometric tracings were obtained from cephalometric radiographs. All included patients were native speakers of Turkish. The /s/ sound was selected for center of gravity analysis. Correlations between cephalometric values and acoustic parameters were also investigated. Results The center of gravity of the /s/ sound had the lowest value in Group 2 (p<0.05). For the /s/ sound in Group 3, moderate positive correlations were found between center of gravity and Sella-Nasion to Gonion-Gnathion angle (p<0.05, r=0.444) Lower incisor to Nasion-B point (p<0.023, r=0.505), and Lower incisor to Nasion-B point angle (p<0.034; r=0.476). No correlation was found in other cephalometric measurements. Conclusions The /s/ sound was affected by malocclusion due to the changing place of articulation. Therefore, referral to an orthodontist for malocclusion treatment especially patients with class III in the early period is suggested for producing acoustically ideal sound.

Morphometric predictors of lingual undercut depth in the posterior mandible and their relevance to immediate dental implant insertion: recommendations for CBCT / Predictores morfométricos de la profundidad de la «undecurt¼ lingual en la parte posterior de la mandíbula y su relevancia para la inserción inmediata de implantes dentales: recomendaciones para la CBCT

Deep lingual undercut (LU) is commonly encountered in the posterior mandible, and is considered a risk factor in dental implants. In this study we investigated the value of data extracted from OPGs in predicting LU depth. Such predictors might be valuable in reducing the chance of lingual plate perforation (LPP) by recommending CBCTs prior to dental implant insertion when deep LU is anticipated We aimed at assessing the following variables as potential predictors of LU depth: 1) alveolar process height (measured on OPGs), 2) alveolar process width (measured on CBCTs), and 3) the distance from apical region of dental alveoli to superior margin of IAN canal (measured on OPGs). 128 CBCTs and corresponding OPGs of posterior mandibles of 128 patients (70 females, 58 males; age range=18-87 years, mean age=45.8 years, SD=17.0 years) were used. Only dentate sites of lower first (LM1) and second molars (LM2) were considered. Four predictors of LU depth were found, the strongest was the ratio between alveolar process width (which could be assessed clinically) and alveolar process height as measured on OPGs (r=.454 at LM1 site, r=.592 at LM2 site). Predictors derived from OPG measurements might be valuable in anticipating LU depth and might be more valuable when combined with alveolar process width (which might be assessed clinically). We recommend considering the suggested predictors in assessing the need of CBCT prior to immediate dental implant insertion in posterior mandible.

El socavado lingual profundo (SLU) se encuentra comúnmente en la porción posterior de la mandíbula y es considerado un factor de riesgo en los implantes dentales. En este estudio, investigamos el valor de los datos extraídos de los OPG para predecir la profundidad del SLU. Dichos predictores podrían ser valiosos para reducir la posibilidad de perforación de la placa lingual (PPL) recomendando CBCT antes de la inserción del implante dental cuando se anticipa un SLU. El objetivo consistió en evaluar las siguientes variables como posibles predictores de profundidad de SLU: 1) altura del proceso alveolar (medida en OPG), 2) ancho del proceso alveolar (medido en CBCT) y 3) la distancia desde la región apical de los alvéolos dentales al margen superior del canal IAN (medido en OPG). Se utilizaron 128 CBCT y las OPG correspondientes de mandíbulas de 128 pacientes (70 mujeres, 58 hombres; rango de edad = 18-87 años, edad media = 45,8 años, SD = 17,0 años). Sólo se consideraron los sitios dentados de los primeros molares inferiores (LM1) y los segundos molares inferiores (LM2). Se encontraron cuatro predictores de profundidad de SLU, el más fuerte fue la relación entre el ancho del proceso alveolar (que podría evaluarse clínicamente) y la altura del proceso alveolar medida en OPG (r = 0,454 en el sitio LM1, r = 0,592 en el sitio LM2). Los predictores derivados de las mediciones de OPG podrían ser valiosos para anticipar la profundidad de SLU y podrían ser más valiosos cuando se combinan con el ancho del proceso alveolar (que podría evaluarse clínicamente). Recomendamos considerar los factores predictivos sugeridos para evaluar la necesidad de CBCT antes de la inserción inmediata del implante dental en la porción posterior de la mandíbula.

Associação entre os aspectos da avaliação clínica da língua realizada em crianças / Association between aspects of clinical assessment of the tongue accomplished in children

RESUMO Objetivo Pesquisar a existência de associação entre os aspectos da avaliação clínica da língua. Métodos Estudo transversal observacional, com 80 crianças brasileiras, saudáveis, faixa etária entre 8 e 12 anos, sendo 36 (45%) do gênero masculino e 44 (55%) do gênero feminino. Foram avaliados aspectos da língua relacionados à morfologia, frênulo, mobilidade, praxias e força. Foram obtidas as associações entre os aspectos da avaliação clínica, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Houve associação entre largura e altura; entre extensão do frênulo e as provas de sugar a língua no palato, vibrar, protrair/retrair e tocar comissuras direita e esquerda e lábios superior e inferior e entre a fixação do frênulo no assoalho da boca e as provas de sugar a língua no palato e vibrar. A prova de estalar ápice de língua apresentou associação com estalar o corpo. Estalar a língua (ápice ou corpo) apresentou associação com sugar a língua no palato, vibrar, protrair/retrair, tocar comissuras direita e esquerda e lábios superior e inferior e força. A prova de sugar a língua no palato apresentou associação com vibrar, protrair/retrair, tocar comissuras direita e esquerda e lábios superior e inferior e força de língua e a prova de vibrar a língua, com protrair e retrair e força de língua. Também houve associação entre protrair e retrair e tocar comissuras direita e esquerda e lábios superior e inferior. Conclusão Os aspectos da língua na avaliação clínica apresentaram associações entre si.

ABSTRACT Purpose Investigate the possible association between myofunctional aspects of the tongue clinical evaluation. Methods Observational, cross-sectional study conducted with 80 healthy Brazilian schoolchildren aged 8-12 years: 36 (45%) males and 44 (55%) females. The following aspects of the tongue were assessed: morphology, frenulum, mobility, praxis, and force. Association between the aspects of clinical evaluation was obtained considering a statistical significance level of 5%. Results The following associations were observed: between tongue width and height; between frenulum length and the tasks of sucking the tongue on palate, tongue vibration, tongue protrusion/retraction, and touching right and left commissures and upper and lower lips; between frenulum attachment to the floor of the mouth and the tasks of sucking tongue on palate and tongue vibration. In the snap task, tongue apex snap was associated with tongue body snap. Tongue snap (apex or body) was associated with sucking the tongue on palate, tongue vibration, tongue protrusion/retraction, touching right and left commissures and upper and lower lips, and tongue force. Sucking tongue on palate was associated with tongue vibration, tongue protrusion/retraction, touching right and left commissures and upper and lower lips, and tongue force. Tongue vibration was associated with tongue protrusion/retraction and tongue force. Association was also observed between the tongue protrusion/retraction task and touching right and left commissures and upper and lower lips. Conclusion Association between tongue aspects was verified in the clinical evaluation.

Tongue development in stillborns autopsied at different gestational ages / Desenvolvimento da língua em natimortos autopsiados em diferentes idades gestacionais

Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to analyze, through the morphometric method, the perimeter and length of the tongue, the collagen fibers, and the perimeter of blood vessels at different gestational ages and fetal weights. Material and methods: Tongues (n = 55) of stillborns autopsied at 23-40 weeks of gestational age were macroscopically analyzed, and their length and perimeter were measured. Fifty-five tongue fragments were collected through a longitudinal section in the region that accompanies the median lingual sulcus and histologically processed. Slides were stained with picrosirius and immunolabeled with CD31 antibody. Quantification was performed on collagen fibers under polarized light, and on the perimeter of vessels with the CD31. Results: A positive and significant correlation of gestational age with tongue perimeter and length was found. There was a positive and significant correlation between collagen fibers and gestational age, as well as between gestational age and the perimeter of blood vessels. Between collagen fibers and fetal weight, a positive and significant increase was observed. Regarding the correlation between the perimeter of blood vessels and the fetal weight, an increase was observed. Conclusion: As gestational age advances, there is an increase in tongue perimeter and length, in the percentage of collagen fibers, and in vascular perimeter, demonstrating that tongue formation is directly related to tongue growth and development.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar, por meio do método morfométrico, o perímetro e o comprimento da língua, as fibras de colágeno, o perímetro dos vasos sanguíneos, em idades gestacionais e de acordo com o peso fetal. Materiais e métodos: Línguas (n = 55) de natimortos autopsiados com 23-40 semanas de idade gestacional foram analisadas macroscopicamente, medidas em comprimento e perímetro; 55 fragmentos das línguas foram coletados por meio de uma secção longitudinal na região que acompanha o sulco lingual médio e processados histologicamente. As lâminas foram coloridas com picrosirius e imunomarcadas com o anticorpo CD31. A quantificação foi feita em fibras de colágeno examinadas com microscópio de luz polarizada e o perímetro dos vasos com o CD31. Resultados: Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva e significativa da idade gestacional com o perímetro e o comprimento da língua. Houve uma correlação positiva e significativa entre as fibras de colágeno e a idade gestacional; bem como entre a idade gestacional e o perímetro dos vasos sanguíneos; e houve um aumento positivo e significativo entre as fibras de colágeno e o peso fetal. No que diz respeito à correlação entre o perímetro dos vasos sanguíneos e o peso fetal, houve um aumento. Conclusão: Conforme a idade gestacional avança, há um aumento no perímetro e no comprimento da língua, um aumento no percentual de fibras de colágeno e um aumento no perímetro vascular, demonstra que a formação da língua está diretamente relacionada ao crescimento e ao desenvolvimento da língua.

Comparative morphometric study of the filiform lingual papilla in the middle east blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring, 1898) and Wistar albino rat / Estudio morfométrico comparativo de la papila lingual filiforme en la rata topo ciega del medio oriente (Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring, 1898) y la rata albino Wistar

This study aimed to reveal the morphometric differences between blind mole rats which live under ground and rats which live under laboratory conditions with regard to the length, base width, keratinization thickness and microscopic papilla depth. For this purpose, 7 adult blind mole rats and 7 adult Wistar albino rats were used in the study. All tongues were removed and fixed in 10 % neutral formalin. 4-5 micrometer of sections were obtained from paraffine sections which were obtained with routine histological follow ups and Crossman's modified triple staining was applied. While papilla length was found as 184.73±26.68 µm, base width 65.46±16.51 µm, keratinization thickness 11.60±1.37 µm, microscopic papilla depth 49.89±8.19 µm in blind rats; these values were found as 177.49±31.44 µm, 50.08±7.57 µm, 13.08±5.32 µm and 89.12±19.31 µm, respectively in rats. While a statistically significant difference was not detected between lengths (p>0.05), the difference between papilla width was found significant (p<0.05). While keratinization was found to be thicker on posterior side compared to anterior side in both species, a difference was not detected between keratinization thickness measurements (p>0.05). The difference between two species with regard to papilla depth was detected to be significant (p<0.001). The finding that papilla depth decreases as base width increases and the difference's being statistically significant suggested that living in different environments with different humidity could be effective on morphologic structures of the tongue in blind mole rats and rats.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo revelar las diferencias morfométricas de las papilas linguales filiformes entre ratas topo ciegas que viven bajo tierra y ratas que viven en condiciones de laboratorio, con respecto a la longitud, ancho de la base, espesor de la queratinización y profundidad microscópica de las papilas. Para este propósito, se utilizaron 7 ratas topo ciegas adultas y 7 ratas albinas Wistar adultas. Se retiraron las lenguas y se fijaron en formalina neutra al 10 %. Se obtuvieron secciones de 4 a 5 µm a partir de técnicas histológicas de rutina, aplicándose la tinción triple modificada de Crossman. En las ratas topo ciegas se obtuvieron los siguientes datos morfométricos en relación a las papilas linguales filiformes: longitud 184,73 ± 26,68µm, ancho de la base 65,46 ± 16,51 µm, espesor de queratinización 11,60 ± 1,37 µm, profundidad microscópica de la papila 49,89 ± 8,19 µm, mientras que en las ratas control, los valores que se encontraron fueron 177,49 ± 31,44 µm, 50,08 ± 7,57 µm, 13,08 ± 5,32 µm y 89,12 ± 19,31 µm, respectivamente. Si bien no se detectó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las longitudes (p> 0,05), la diferencia del ancho de la papila fue significativa (p <0,05). Mientras que la queratinización fue más gruesa en la parte dorsal comparado con la parte ventral en ambas especies, no se detectó diferencia entre las mediciones de espesor de la queratinización (p> 0,05). Se detectó que la diferencia entre las dos especies con respecto a la profundidad de la papila era significativa (p <0,001). Se determinó que la profundidad de la papila disminuye a medida que aumenta el ancho de la base y la diferencia es estadísticamente significativa, lo que sugiere que vivir en diferentes ambientes con diferente humedad podría ser eficaz en las estructuras morfológicas de la lengua de ratas topo ciegas y de ratas de laboratorio.

Quantification and distribution of circumvallate lingual papillae in saanen goats / Quantificação e distribuição das papilas circunvaladas de caprinos da raça saanen

The present study aimed to describe the disposition and amount of circumvallate lingual papillae in Saanen goats using 26 goat tongues from the Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Morphology of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, which were previously fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for later dissection of tongues that were removed from the oral cavity for the necessary studies. After identification, morphometric data were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis for further description. In descriptive statistics, the mean of 17.85 was close to the median of 17.5 and the overall dispersion (standard deviation) was relatively low (2.24), which represents a coefficient of variation (CV) of 12.8 %. Confidence interval for mean with 95 % with 99 % confidence was also performed. Regarding the distribution of papillae, 21 tongues (80.7 %) of the total samples were located on the side of the tongue root, 3 tongues (11.5%) were distributed on the side of the tongue root, migrating toward the tongue median sagittal plane, 1 tongue (3.8 %) was located in the concave position on the side of the tongue root and 1 tongue (3.8 %) was disposed on the sides of the tongue, with some papillae arranged close to the region of the tongue median sagittal plane.

O presente estudo objetivou descrever a disposição e quantidade das papilas circunvaladas das línguas de cabras da raça Saanen, utilizando línguas de 26 cabras da raça, provenientes do Laboratório de Anatomia e Morfologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, que foram fixadas previamente em solução de formaldeído a 10% para posterior dissecção das línguas que foram retiradas da cavidade oral para os estudos necessários. Após identificação, os dados morfométricos foram tabulados e submetidos à análise estatística para posterior descrição. Na estatística descritiva, a média de 17,85 ficou próxima da mediana de 17,5 e a dispersão geral (desvio padrão) foi relativamente baixo (2,24) que representa um coeficiente de variação (CV) de 12,8%. Também foi feito o Intervalo de Confiança para a média com 95% e com 99% de confiança. Em relação a distribuição, à forma de distribuição das papilas, 21 línguas (80,7%) do total de amostras apresentadas encontravam-se dispostas nas laterais da raiz da língua, 3 línguas (11,5%), apresentavam distribuição nas laterais da raiz da língua migrando em direção ao plano sagital mediano da língua, 1 língua (3,8%) apresentava-se disposta de forma côncava nas laterais da raiz da língua e 1 língua (3,8%) encontrava-se disposta nas laterais da língua, com algumas papilas dispostas próximo a região do plano sagital mediano da língua.

Comparative microscopic study on the tongue, oesophagus and stomach of two different birds in Egypt

Aim of the work: The present investigation aims to compare between the tongue, oesophagus and stomach of two birds in Egypt having different food habits

Materials and methods: The animals under investigation are Whimbrel [Numenius phaeopus] and domestic duck [Anas platyrhnchos]. These birds were caught from Abou-Rawash Constituency and Nile Delta in Egypt. The birds were dissected the tongue, oesophagus and stomach were fixed and stained for the microscopic comparative study

Results: Histological results of this study found that the tongue of each bird [Whimbrel and domestic duck] is composed of three layers; mucosa, submucosa and muscularis. No lingual papillae are observed. The mucosal layer consists of stratified squamous epithelium. This layer in Numenius phaeopus is thicker than in Anas platyrhnchos. The submucosa is constructed from connective tissue. The muscularis is represented by bundles of muscle fibers extending in different directions. The lingual glands of Anas platyrhnchos are of compound alveolar type and have neutral mucopolysacchride content. The muscularis of the oesophagus consists is consisting of outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle fibers. This layer is thick and well represented in Anas platyrhnchos than in Numenius phaeopus. The mucosal folds have stratified squamous epithelial cells. Oesophageal tubulo alveolar glands have acid mucopolysacchride content in Numenius phaeopus and neutral mucopolysacchride content in Anas platyrhnchos. The stomach in each bird [Whimbrel and domestic duck] is differentiated into glandular and muscular portions. The gastric glands of the glandular portion are differentiated into deep and superficial gastric glands. The muscularis of the muscular portion in the investigated birds is composed of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers. This layer in Anas platyrhnchos is thicker than in Numenius phaeopus. The mucosal layer in Anas platyrhnchos has thick tough keratin-like layer [cutica gastrica]. The mucosal glands in the investigated birds have acid and neutral mucopolysacchride content. The histological and histochemical results showed differences in the tongue, oesophagus and stomach between the investigated birds

Análise quantitativa das curvas de língua na avaliação ultrassonográfica da fala para o som [j] em adultos e crianças / Ultrasound analysis of tongue contour for the sound [j] in adults and children

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar e comparar os contornos médios de língua e os gestos articulatórios na produção do [j] em adultos e crianças com desenvolvimento típico e crianças com desenvolvimento atípico de fala. As crianças com desenvolvimento atípico de fala apresentavam desordens nos sons da fala caracterizadas como desvio fonológico. Método O diagnóstico foi determinado pelas avaliações fonoaudiológicas. Desse modo, a amostra foi constituída por três grupos: 30 adultos com desenvolvimento típico de fala (idades entre 19 e 44 anos), 30 crianças com desenvolvimento típico de fala e 30 crianças com desvio fonológico, denominadas neste estudo como atípicas (idades entre quatro anos e oito anos e onze meses). Para todos os grupos, foi realizada avaliação ultrassonográfica dos movimentos da língua. A pesquisa comparou os contornos médios de língua entre os três grupos em diferentes contextos vocálicos seguintes ao som [j]. Para a delimitação dos gestos, considerou-se a elevação máxima da ponta da língua, utilizando-se software Articulate Assistant Advanced (AAA) e imagens no plano sagital/Modo B. Os pontos que interceptaram as curvas de língua foram analisados pela ferramenta estatística R. Os gráficos dos contornos de língua foram obtidos através do cálculo de intervalo com 95% de confiança. Depois dessa etapa, foram obtidas as regiões com diferenças significativas (p-valor ≤ 0,05) entre os grupos de CT e CA. Resultados Os contornos médios de língua demonstraram o gesto para a semivogal [j] na comparação entre crianças típicas e atípicas. Para a semivogal [j], há um gesto de língua, de dorso, em direção à área central do palato duro, sendo observadas diferenças significativas entre as crianças. Conclusão Os resultados permitiram concluir que existem diferenças entre os grupos de crianças quanto à capacidade de refinar os gestos articulatórios.

ABSTRACT Purpose Analyze and compare the mean tongue contours and articulatory gestures in the production of the sound [j] in adults and children with typical and atypical speech development. The children with atypical development presented speech sound disorders. Methods The diagnosis was determined by speech assessments. The study sample was composed of 90 individuals divided into three groups: 30 adults with typical speech development aged 19-44 years (AT), 30 children with typical speech development (CT), and 30 children with speech sound disorders, named as atypical in this study, aged four years to eight years and eleven months (CA). Ultrasonography assessment of tongue movements was performed for all groups. Mean tongue contours were compared between three groups in different vocalic contexts following the sound [j]. The maximum elevation of the tongue tip was considered for delimitation of gestures using the Articulate Assistant Advanced (AAA) software and images in sagittal plane/Mode B. The points that intercepted the language curves were analyzed by the statistical tool R. The graphs of tongue contours were obtained adopting a 95% confidence interval. After that, the regions with significant statistical differences (p<0.05) between the CT and CA groups were obtained. Results The mean tongue contours demonstrated the gesture for the sound [j] in the comparison between typical and atypical children. For the semivowel [j], there is an articulatory gesture of tongue and dorsum towards the center of ​​the hard palate, with significant differences observed between the children. Conclusion The results showed differences between the groups of children regarding the ability to refine articulatory gestures.

Association between tongue rolling and tongue folding in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria / Asociación entre la lengua enrollada y la lengua plegada en Osogbo, Suroeste de Nigeria

This study was carried out among 144 individuals (18 years) from the Yoruba tribe of Southwestern Nigeria in order to determine the association between tongue rolling and folding. Participants were examined for the ability to roll and/or fold their tongues. The incidence of tongue rollers and folders were 59.7 % and 79.2 % respectively. Tongue rolling was higher in females than male but the difference was not significant (X2= 1.039, df = 1, p= 0.308). Tongue folding was significantly higher in females than males (X2= 4.211, df= 1, p= 0.04). Of the 144 participants, 76 (52.8 %) were tongue rollers and folders, 10 (6.9 %) were rollers and non-folders, 38 (26.4 %) were non-rollers and folders and 20 (13.9 %) were non-rollers and non-folders. These classes did not vary significantly with sex (X2= 5.895, df= 3, p= 0.117) but there was a significant association between the ability to roll the tongue and the ability to fold the tongue (X2= 10.97, df= 1, p <0.001). This study shows that tongue rollers are associated with tongue folders.

Este estudio se realizó en 144 individuos (18 años) de la tribu Yoruba del suroeste de Nigeria con el fin de determinar la asociación entre la lengua enrollada y plegada. Los participantes fueron examinados por la capacidad de enrollar y/o doblar sus lenguas. La incidencia de enrollar y/o doblar las lenguas fueron de 59,7 % y 79,2 %, respectivamente. La capacidad de enrollar la lengua fue mayor en mujeres que en los hombres, pero la diferencia no fue significativa (X2= 1,039, df= 1, p= 0,308). El plegado o doblado de la lengua fue significativamente mayor en mujeres que hombres (X2= 4,211, df= 1, p= 0,04). De los 144 participantes, 76 (52,8 %) enrollaron y doblaron la lengua, 10 (6,9 %) enrollaron y no doblaron la lengua, 38 (26,4 %) no enrollaron y doblaron la lengua, y 20 (13,9 %) no enrollaron y ni doblaron la lengua. Estas clasificaciones no variaron significativamente con el sexo (X2= 5,895, df= 3, p= 0,117), sin embargo hubo una asociación significativa entre la capacidad de enrollar la lengua y la capacidad de doblar la lengua (X2= 10,97, df= 1, p<0,001). Este estudio muestra que la capacidad de enrollar la lengua está asociada con la capacidad de doblar la lengua.

Morfologia da língua do cervo do pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus) / Morphology of the tongue of the Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus)

Objetivou-se descrever a morfologia da língua do cervo do pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus), o maior cervídeo da fauna brasileira, pois poucas são as informações detalhadas sobre sua morfologia. Línguas e fragmentos linguais de oito cervos do pantanal, adultos, provenientes do Projeto Cervo-do-Pantanal de Porto Primavera foram analisados quanto aos seus aspectos macroscópicos e à microscopia de luz. A língua do cervo do pantanal ocupa grande parte da cavidade oral, onde a raiz e o corpo estão fixados caudalmente pelo osso hióide e, em sua porção média, pelo frênulo lingual; seu ápice, achatado e plano é livre; apresenta torus lingual pouco proeminente, não havendo delimitação da fossa lingual. Na superfície dorsal encontram-se as seguintes papilas: filiformes, cônicas, lenticulares, fungiformes e valadas. Histologicamente verificou-se que a mucosa reveste-se de epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado, a lâmina própria constitui-se de tecido conjuntivo, rico em fibras colágenas dispostas em várias direções, onde se verifica abundante vascularização, além de acúmulo de tecido linfático.

The aim was to describe the morphology of the tongue of the Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), the largest deer of the Brazilian fauna, since there is little detailed information on their morphology. Tongues of eight adult Marsh deers, belonging to Projeto cervo-do-pantanal de Porto Primavera were analyzed for their macroscopic aspects and by light microscopy. The Marsh deer tongue occupies most of the oral cavity, where the root and body are fixed caudally by the hyoid bone, and in its middle portion by the frenulum linguae; its free apex is flat and plane, has little prominent torus lingae and there is no demarcation of fossa linguae. The lateral and ventral surfaces are covered by a thin mucosa; however the dorsal surface is covered by thick mucosa, although soft. On the dorsal surface are the papillae: filiform, conical, lenticular, fungiform and vallate. Histologically was found that the mucosa has a stratified squamous epithelium, the lamina propria consists of connective tissue rich in collagen fibers arranged in several directions, where there is abundant vascularization and accumulation of lymphoid tissue.

Functional anatomical, histological and ultrastructural studies of three chameleon species: Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Chamaeleo africanus, and Chamaeleon vulgaris / Estudios anatómicos, histológicos y ultraestructurales funcionales de tres especies de camaleón: Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Chamaeleo africanus, y Chamaeleon vulgaris

Three chamaeleon species including Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Chameleon Chamaeleo africanus, and Chamaeleon vulgaris were collected and their tongue were dissected and examined morphologically and investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Both species showed similar histological manifestation of lingual papillae and tubular glands with dense mucous secretion especially in Chamaeleon vulgaris. There is no keratinization of lingual surfaces. Ultrastructurally, filliform represent the only pattern of lingual pappillae and take either cylindrical, conical and leaflet structure.Although the examined chalmaeleon species collected from different habitat, it shows almost similarities in their histological and ultrastructural structures.

Fueron recolectadas tres especies de Camaleón incluyendo Camaleón Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Camaleón Chamaeleo africanus y Chamaeleon vulgaris. Se disecó su lengua y examinó morfológicamente mediante el uso de microscopía de luz y electrónica de barrido. Ambas especies mostraron características histológicas similares en relación a las papilas linguales y glándulas tubulares con secreción mucosa densa, especialmente el Chamaeleon vulgaris. No hubo queratinización de las superficies linguales. Ultraes-tructuralmente, el único patrón de papilas linguales fue el filiforme, tomando una estructura ya sea cilíndrica, cónica y de hoja. Aunque las especies de Camaleón examinadas se recogieron de diferentes hábitat, ellas mostraron similitudes en su estructura histológica y ultraestructural.

Descripción anatómica de cinco órganos internos del delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus), a través de la técnica de plastinación / Anatomy description of the five internal organs of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) through plastinated technique

Se plastinaron y describieron cinco órganos internos de delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus) obteniendo modelos didácticos, inodoros, no tóxicos y perdurables que permiten el arreglo de sus componentes en un contexto inalterado; los especímenes resultantes son opacos y firmes pero no irrompibles, con apariencia similar al estado vivo. Las descripciones anatómicas estuvieron en conformidad con los de los autores presentados dentro de los antecedentes de este estudio, afianzando el conocimiento de que los órganos internos de T. truncatus aquí descritos tipifican a los de los mamíferos en aspectos generales ya que se revela gran uniformidad entre sus elementos estructurales. Por otra parte existen pocos trabajos de anatomía no patológica en delfines, y si bien es cierto que se les han realizado varios estudios morfométricos y conductuales, aún puede decirse que muchos rasgos biológicos de los delfines nariz de botella quedan por ser descritos.

Five internal organs of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) were plastinated and described, obtaining odorless, nontoxic and perdurable didactic models, which let their components to be modified in an unaltered context; the resulting specimens are opaque and firm, but not unbreakable, with an appearance similar to that of the living state. The anatomic descriptions were made in concordance with those of the authors presented within the antecedents of this study; reinforcing the knowledge that the internal organs of T. truncatus described here typify those of mammals in general aspects, since the great uniformity between their structural elements is revealed. Moreover, there are very few non pathological anatomic studies about dolphins; even though various mophometric and behavioral studies have been carried out, it still can be considered that several biological aspects of bottlenose dolphins remain to be described.

Dimensional change in soft tissues with complete dental prosthesis and its effect on airway space and natural head position.

Background: Insertion of the intraoral prosthesis causes deflection of the tongue, soft palate affecting the patency of the airway. Aims: To evaluate the cephalometric soft tissue variation in tongue, soft palate, and its effect on posterior airway space in edentulous patients with the insertion of the denture. Settings and Design: Randomized controlled trial. Materials and Methods: Complete denture (CD) prosthesis was fabricated for first time denture wearers comprising 22 males and 18 females within the age range of 50–65 years. Lateral skull radiographs were taken for each of the subjects in their resting position without CDs (T0), with CDs (T1) at least 1‑week postinsertion and after 6 months of usage (T2), respectively. The reference points, lines, and angles on the cephalometric films were used to evaluate the position or inclination of the head, variations in tongue position and length, the changes in the anteroposterior dimension of the soft palate, and posterior airway space variations. Intra‑investigator error variance was not found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Statistical Analysis Used: Using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v16.0 the significant difference in the paired samples (without CD and with CD) was found using the paired t‑test. The probability value P = 0.05 is considered as a significant level. Results: On comparison of T1 and T0, the heads were more extended with the downward position of the tongue with an increase in its length and the posterior airway space was decreased in T1. Significant differences in values were not observed between T1 and T2. Conclusions: With CDs, the change in airway space was related to alteration in soft palate and tongue dimension. There were no changes in dimension at 6 months follow‑up.